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Format yang Didukung
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Format Umum
ZIP Archive - universal compression format developed by Phil Katz (1989) supporting multiple compression methods. Built into Windows, macOS, and Linux. Uses DEFLATE algorithm providing good compression (40-60% reduction) with fast processing. Supports file encryption, split archives, and compression levels. Maximum compatibility across all platforms and devices. Perfect for file sharing, email attachments, web downloads, and general-purpose compression. Industry standard with virtually universal software support including built-in OS tools, mobile apps, and command-line utilities.
RAR Archive - proprietary format by Eugene Roshal (1993) offering superior compression ratios (10-20% better than ZIP) through advanced algorithms. Popular on Windows with WinRAR software. Supports recovery records for damaged archive repair, solid compression for better ratios, strong AES encryption, and split archives up to 8 exabytes. Excellent for long-term storage, large file collections, and backup scenarios. Common in software distribution and file sharing communities. Requires WinRAR or compatible software (not built into most systems).
7-Zip Archive - open-source format by Igor Pavlov (1999) providing the best compression ratio available (20-40% better than ZIP, 10-15% better than RAR). Uses LZMA and LZMA2 algorithms with strong AES-256 encryption. Supports huge file sizes (16 exabytes), multiple compression methods, solid compression, and self-extracting archives. Free from licensing restrictions and patent concerns. Perfect for maximizing storage efficiency, software distribution, and backup archives where size matters. Requires 7-Zip or compatible software but offers exceptional space savings.
Unix Formats
TAR Archive - Tape Archive format from Unix (1979) bundling multiple files and directories into single file without compression. Preserves file permissions, ownership, timestamps, and symbolic links critical for Unix systems. Often combined with compression (TAR.GZ, TAR.BZ2, TAR.XZ) for efficient distribution. Standard format for Linux software packages, system backups, and cross-platform file transfer. Essential for maintaining Unix file attributes. Works with streaming operations enabling network transfers and piping. Foundation of Unix/Linux backup and distribution systems.
GZIP/TGZ - GNU zip compression format (1992) using DEFLATE algorithm, standard compression for Linux and Unix systems. TGZ is TAR archive compressed with GZIP. Fast compression and decompression with moderate ratios (50-70% reduction for text). Single-file compression commonly paired with TAR for multi-file archives. Universal on Unix/Linux systems with built-in 'gzip' command. Perfect for log files, text data, Linux software distribution, and web server compression. Streaming-friendly enabling on-the-fly compression. Industry standard for Unix file compression since the 1990s.
BZIP2/TBZ2 - block-sorting compression format by Julian Seward (1996) offering better compression than GZIP (10-15% smaller) at the cost of slower processing. TBZ2 is TAR archive compressed with BZIP2. Uses Burrows-Wheeler transform achieving excellent ratios on text and source code. Popular for software distribution where size matters more than speed. Common in Linux package repositories and source code archives. Ideal for archival storage, software releases, and situations prioritizing compression over speed. Standard tool on most Unix/Linux systems.
XZ/TXZ - modern compression format (2009) using LZMA2 algorithm providing excellent compression ratios approaching 7Z quality. TXZ is TAR archive compressed with XZ. Superior to GZIP and BZIP2 with ratios similar to 7Z but as single-file stream. Becoming the new standard for Linux distributions and software packages. Supports multi-threading for faster processing. Perfect for large archives, software distribution, and modern Linux systems. Smaller download sizes for software packages while maintaining fast decompression. Default compression for many current Linux distributions.
{format_tar_7z_desc}
{format_tar_bz_desc}
{format_tar_lz_desc}
{format_tar_lzma_desc}
{format_tar_lzo_desc}
{format_tar_z_desc}
TGZ - TAR archive compressed with GZIP compression. Combines TAR's file bundling with GZIP's compression in single extension (.tgz instead of .tar.gz). Standard format for Linux software distribution and source code packages. Maintains Unix file permissions and attributes while reducing size 50-70%. Fast compression and decompression speeds. Universal compatibility on Unix/Linux systems. Perfect for software releases, backup archives, and cross-platform file transfer. Abbreviated form of TAR.GZ with identical functionality and structure.
TBZ2 - TAR archive compressed with BZIP2 compression. Better compression than TGZ (10-15% smaller) but slower processing. Uses Burrows-Wheeler block sorting for excellent text compression. Common in Linux distributions and software packages where size is critical. Maintains Unix file permissions and attributes. Perfect for source code distribution, archival storage, and bandwidth-limited transfers. Abbreviated form of TAR.BZ2 with identical functionality. Standard format for Gentoo Linux packages and large software archives.
TXZ - TAR archive compressed with XZ (LZMA2) compression. Modern format offering best compression ratios for TAR archives (better than TGZ and TBZ2). Fast decompression despite high compression. Supports multi-threading for improved performance. Becoming standard for Linux distributions (Arch, Slackware use TXZ). Maintains Unix permissions and symbolic links. Perfect for large software packages, system backups, and efficient storage. Abbreviated form of TAR.XZ representing the future of Unix archive compression.
LZMA/TAR.LZMA - Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain Algorithm compression format (2001) offering excellent compression ratios. TAR.LZMA combines TAR archiving with LZMA compression. Predecessor to XZ format using similar algorithm but older container format. Better compression than GZIP and BZIP2 but superseded by XZ/LZMA2. Still encountered in older Linux distributions and legacy archives. Slower compression than GZIP but better ratios (similar to XZ). Modern systems prefer TAR.XZ over TAR.LZMA. Legacy format for accessing older compressed archives from 2000s era.
LZO/TAR.LZO - Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer compression format prioritizing speed over compression ratio. TAR.LZO is TAR archive compressed with LZO. Extremely fast compression and decompression (faster than GZIP) with moderate ratios (30-50% reduction). Popular in real-time applications, live systems, and scenarios requiring instant decompression. Used by some Linux kernels and embedded systems. Common in backup solutions prioritizing speed. Perfect for temporary compression, live CD/USB systems, and high-speed data transfer. Trade-off: larger files than GZIP/BZIP2/XZ but much faster processing.
Z/TAR.Z - Unix compress format from 1985 using LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) algorithm. TAR.Z is TAR archive compressed with compress command. Historical Unix compression format predating GZIP. Patent issues (until 2003) led to GZIP replacing it. Legacy format with poor compression by modern standards. Rarely used today except in very old Unix systems and historical archives. If you encounter .Z or .tar.Z files, convert to modern formats (TAR.GZ, TAR.XZ) for better compression and wider support. Important for accessing ancient Unix archives from 1980s-1990s.
Format Khusus
ISO Image - ISO 9660 disk image format containing exact sector-by-sector copy of optical media (CD/DVD/Blu-ray). Standard format for distributing operating systems, software installations, and bootable media. Can be mounted as virtual drive without physical disc. Contains complete filesystem including boot sectors, metadata, and file structures. Essential for Linux distributions, system recovery media, and software archives. Used by burning software, virtual machines, and media servers. Universal standard with support in all major operating systems for mounting and burning.
Cabinet Archive - Microsoft's compression format for Windows installers and system files. Used extensively in Windows setup packages, driver installations, and system updates. Supports multiple compression algorithms (DEFLATE, LZX, Quantum), split archives, and digital signatures. Built into Windows with native extraction support. Common in software distribution for Windows applications, particularly older installers and Microsoft products. Maintains Windows-specific attributes and can store multiple files with folder structures. Part of Windows since 1996.
AR Archive - Unix archiver format (1970s) originally for creating library archives (.a files). Simple format storing multiple files with basic metadata (filename, modification time, permissions). Used primarily for static libraries in Unix development (.a extension). Foundation format for DEB packages (Debian packages are AR archives containing control and data). Minimal compression support (none by default). Essential for Unix library management and Debian package structure. Standard tool 'ar' included on all Unix/Linux systems. Simple and reliable for static file collections.
Debian Package - software package format for Debian, Ubuntu, and derivative Linux distributions. Contains compiled software, installation scripts, configuration files, and dependency metadata. Used by APT package manager (apt, apt-get commands). Actually a special AR archive containing control files and data archives. Essential format for Debian-based Linux software distribution. Includes pre/post-installation scripts, version management, and dependency resolution. Standard packaging for thousands of Ubuntu/Debian applications. Can be inspected and extracted as regular archive.
RPM Package - Red Hat Package Manager format for Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS, SUSE, and derivative Linux distributions. Contains compiled software, installation metadata, scripts, and dependency information. Used by YUM and DNF package managers. Includes GPG signature support for security verification. Standard for Red Hat Enterprise Linux ecosystem. Supports pre/post-installation scriptlets, file verification, and rollback capabilities. Essential format for RHEL-based Linux software distribution. Can be extracted as archive to inspect contents without installation.
JAR Archive - format Java Archive berdasarkan kompresi ZIP untuk pengemasan aplikasi Java. Berisi kelas Java yang telah dikompilasi (.class files), sumber daya aplikasi, dan metadata manifest. Format distribusi standar untuk aplikasi dan pustaka Java. Mendukung tanda tangan digital untuk verifikasi kode. Dapat dieksekusi (file JAR yang dapat dijalankan dengan manifest Main-Class). Sempurna untuk penyebaran aplikasi Java, distribusi pustaka, dan sistem plugin. Kompatibel dengan alat ZIP tetapi mencakup fitur khusus Java. Format penting untuk pengembangan dan penyebaran Java sejak 1996.
ARJ Archive - legacy DOS compression format by Robert Jung (1991). Popular in DOS and early Windows era for its good compression ratio and ability to create multi-volume archives. Supports encryption, damage protection, and archive comments. Largely obsolete today, replaced by ZIP, RAR, and 7Z. Still encountered in legacy systems and old software archives. Requires ARJ or compatible decompression software. Historical format important for accessing old DOS/Windows archives from 1990s. Better converted to modern formats for long-term accessibility.
LHA Archive - format kompresi Jepang (juga LZH) yang dikembangkan pada tahun 1988, sangat populer di Jepang dan di kalangan pengguna Amiga. Menggunakan algoritma kompresi LZSS dan LZHUF yang memberikan rasio yang baik. Umum untuk distribusi perangkat lunak Jepang pada tahun 1990-an. Mendukung header arsip, struktur direktori, dan atribut file. Format warisan yang sekarang sebagian besar telah digantikan oleh alternatif modern. Masih ditemukan dalam komputasi retro, arsip perangkat lunak Jepang, dan komunitas Amiga. Memerlukan perangkat lunak yang kompatibel LHA/LZH untuk ekstraksi. Penting untuk mengakses arsip perangkat lunak Jepang dan Amiga.
CPIO Archive - Copy In/Out archive format from Unix (1970s) for creating file archives. Simpler than TAR, often used for system backups and initramfs/initrd creation. Standard format for Linux initial RAM disk images. Supports multiple formats (binary, ASCII, CRC). Better handling of special files and device nodes than TAR. Common in system administration, bootloader configurations, and kernel initrd images. Universal on Unix/Linux systems. Essential for system-level archiving and embedded Linux systems. Works well for streaming operations.
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Pertanyaan yang Sering Diajukan
What is a CPIO file and why is it still used in Unix systems today?
A CPIO file is an archive format originating from early Unix systems, designed to store collections of files, directory structures, and metadata in a simple, sequential layout. Unlike ZIP or TAR, CPIO does not include built-in compression—it's purely a packaging format. Compression is typically applied externally through tools like gzip, bzip2, or xz, producing files such as .cpio.gz, .cpio.bz2, or .cpio.xz.
CPIO is historically important because it was built into the original Unix System V toolchain and became foundational for installer payloads, boot images, and system recovery utilities. Its predictable structure and portability kept it relevant even as newer archive formats emerged.
Today CPIO remains heavily used in Linux initramfs images, RPM package internals, firmware distributions, and enterprise deployment systems where small, strict, metadata-preserving archives are preferred over more complex formats.
Why is CPIO commonly used inside Linux initramfs images?
CPIO can be streamed directly into memory during boot, making it ideal for initramfs, which must load small root filesystems rapidly and without reliance on external tools.
Because the format is simple and linear, the kernel can unpack it with minimal code, reducing complexity and attack surface during early boot.
CPIO mempertahankan izin file yang tepat, symlink, dan kepemilikan—semua penting untuk lingkungan boot yang memerlukan metadata yang tepat untuk startup sistem.
Mengapa CPIO tidak memiliki kompresi bawaan?
CPIO dibuat jauh sebelum kompresi menjadi persyaratan standar untuk pengarsipan, sehingga desainer fokus pada metadata dan pelestarian struktur daripada mengurangi ukuran file.
Unix philosophy favored separation of responsibilities; compression was left to external tools such as compress, gzip, and later bzip2 or xz.
Pemisahan ini memungkinkan pengembang untuk memilih algoritma kompresi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mereka tanpa mengubah struktur internal arsip.
Mengapa beberapa file CPIO gagal diekstrak dengan benar?
CPIO memiliki beberapa varian format (biner, ASCII lama, ASCII baru, CRC, SVR4), dan tidak semua extractor mendukungnya secara setara. Menggunakan mode yang salah dapat menyebabkan masalah pemrosesan header.
Korsleting dalam arsip CPIO terkompresi—terutama .cpio.xz atau .cpio.gz—dapat merusak lapisan dekompresi sebelum ekstraksi dimulai.
Improperly generated archives, including mismatched file lengths or incorrect headers, may fail to extract on strict Unix utilities even if some tools accept them.
Mengapa CPIO lebih disukai daripada TAR dalam beberapa sistem pengemasan perusahaan?
Struktur linier CPIO dan penanganan metadata yang dapat diprediksi memudahkan alat pembangunan otomatis untuk menghasilkan dan membaca arsip secara programatik.
Paket RPM secara historis menggunakan CPIO untuk muatan arsip mereka karena struktur berbasis rekamannya membuat metadata ketergantungan dan ekstraksi lebih sederhana.
Its deterministic layout is valued in systems requiring reproducible builds or consistent byte-for-byte packaging outputs.
Apakah CPIO aman untuk kebutuhan pengarsipan yang sensitif?
CPIO sendiri tidak menyediakan mekanisme enkripsi, otentikasi, atau integritas—ia sepenuhnya bergantung pada pembungkus kompresi eksternal atau lapisan keamanan.
Arsip dapat dirusak kecuali dibungkus dalam struktur RPM yang ditandatangani GPG atau wadah terenkripsi.
Untuk penggunaan yang aman, enkripsi file CPIO dengan GPG atau sematkan dalam paket yang dilindungi secara kriptografis daripada bergantung pada format saja.
Mengapa mengekstrak arsip CPIO terkadang menimpa file sistem?
CPIO, seperti TAR, mengembalikan jalur penuh persis seperti yang disimpan dalam arsip. Jika jalur absolut atau direktori sistem disertakan, mereka akan diganti tanpa peringatan.
Varian CPIO yang lebih lama tidak memiliki fitur keamanan modern seperti sanitasi jalur atau perlindungan penimpaan.
Untuk menghindari penimpaan file sistem yang penting, selalu ekstrak arsip CPIO ke dalam direktori terisolasi atau gunakan bendera yang membatasi resolusi jalur.
Why do Linux developers still generate CPIO archives manually?
Many Linux boot and installer systems depend on CPIO for initramfs generation, making it essential for kernel development, embedded devices, and bootloaders.
Desainnya yang ketat memastikan hasil yang dapat diprediksi, yang diperlukan untuk membangun komponen sistem tingkat rendah.
Karena formatnya sangat sederhana, pengembang dapat membangun arsip CPIO hanya dengan menggunakan skrip shell tanpa pustaka yang kompleks.
Bisakah arsip CPIO yang rusak diperbaiki?
Kerusakan kecil terkadang dapat dilewati menggunakan extractor yang longgar, tetapi CPIO tidak memiliki catatan pemulihan, sehingga perbaikan mendalam menjadi sulit.
Jika hanya lapisan kompresi yang rusak, pemulihan parsial terkadang mungkin dilakukan setelah dekompresi.
Korsleting header yang parah sering kali membuat seluruh aliran tidak dapat dibaca karena sifat sekuensial format.
Mengapa beberapa file CPIO menghasilkan kesalahan 'header rusak'?
Arsip mungkin menggunakan varian yang tidak didukung oleh alat ekstraksi, seperti format biner vs. ASCII newc.
Beberapa skrip pembangunan secara tidak sengaja menghasilkan file dengan panjang nol atau bidang ukuran file yang salah, yang merusak pemrosesan.
Menyimpan CPIO yang sudah terkompresi dengan salah dapat menghasilkan data sisa yang membingungkan dekompressor.
Mengapa CPIO sering terlihat dalam dump firmware dan sistem embedded?
Embedded Linux systems frequently use minimalistic root filesystems compressed into CPIO format due to its predictable unpacking behavior.
Vendor perangkat keras memilih CPIO karena menghilangkan kebutuhan akan utilitas dekompresi yang kompleks dalam firmware boot awal.
It allows combining kernel images, scripts, and base system files into a single bundle easily consumed by bootloaders.
Mengapa beberapa extractor menunjukkan nama file yang terpotong dalam arsip CPIO?
Format CPIO yang lebih lama memiliki batasan panjang nama file yang ketat yang mungkin masih ditegakkan oleh sistem modern saat mengekstrak.
Ketidakcocokan pengkodean—terutama antara arsip ASCII dan sistem UTF-8—dapat menyebabkan kerusakan nama file.
Beberapa arsip dihasilkan oleh alat warisan yang mendahului konvensi sistem file modern.
Bagaimana CPIO dibandingkan dengan TAR dalam alur kerja modern?
TAR lebih banyak diadopsi secara universal untuk pengarsipan umum, sementara CPIO tetap ada terutama dalam peran sistem dan jalur pembangunan.
CPIO memberikan output yang lebih dapat diprediksi dalam konteks otomatisasi, sementara TAR menawarkan kompatibilitas dan fitur yang lebih luas.
For most user-facing tasks, TAR is preferred, but for initramfs, RPM payloads, and reproducible build systems, CPIO still excels.
Apakah CPIO sudah usang?
While old, CPIO remains actively used in Linux internals and enterprise systems, meaning it’s not obsolete within those domains.
Its simplicity, deterministic output, and compatibility make it difficult to replace in boot processes and system packaging.
Untuk pengarsipan sehari-hari, bagaimanapun, format modern seperti TAR, ZIP, atau 7Z jauh lebih praktis.
Haruskah Anda menggunakan CPIO dalam alur kerja modern?
Use CPIO when building initramfs images, working with RPM payloads, or interacting with embedded Linux environments.
Ini juga berguna untuk build yang dapat direproduksi dan pembuatan arsip berbasis skrip yang sederhana.
Untuk kompresi tujuan umum atau berbagi file lintas platform, pilih TAR, ZIP, atau 7Z sebagai gantinya.