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支持的格式
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常见格式
MPEG-1音频层III - 全球最通用的音频格式,使用有损压缩将文件大小减少90%,同时保持出色的感知质量。非常适合音乐库、播客、便携设备以及任何需要广泛兼容性的场景。支持32-320kbps的比特率。自1993年以来成为数字音乐的标准,几乎可以在每个设备和平台上播放。
Waveform Audio File Format - uncompressed PCM audio providing perfect quality preservation. Standard Windows audio format with universal compatibility. Large file sizes (10MB per minute of stereo CD-quality). Perfect for audio production, professional recording, mastering, and situations requiring zero quality loss. Supports various bit depths (16, 24, 32-bit) and sample rates. Industry standard for professional audio work.
Ogg Vorbis - 开源有损音频编码器,提供与MP3/AAC相当的质量,且比特率相似。无专利和许可限制。与MP3在相同质量下文件大小更小。用于游戏、开源软件和流媒体。支持可变比特率(VBR),以获得最佳质量。非常适合需要免费编码器和良好质量的应用。媒体播放器和平台的支持不断增加。
Advanced Audio Coding - successor to MP3 offering better quality at same bitrate (or same quality at lower bitrate). Standard audio codec for Apple devices, YouTube, and many streaming services. Supports up to 48 channels and 96kHz sample rate. Improved frequency response and handling of complex audio. Perfect for iTunes, iOS devices, video streaming, and modern audio applications. Part of MPEG-4 standard widely supported across platforms.
无损音频压缩编码器 - 在不损失任何质量的情况下压缩音频40-60%。完美保留原始音频的逐位精度。开放源代码格式,无专利或许可费用。支持高分辨率音频(192kHz/24-bit)。非常适合归档音乐收藏、音响爱好者听音和质量至关重要的场景。广泛支持媒体播放器和流媒体服务。质量与文件大小之间的理想平衡。
MPEG-4 Audio - AAC or ALAC audio in MP4 container. Standard audio format for Apple ecosystem (iTunes, iPhone, iPad). Supports both lossy (AAC) and lossless (ALAC) compression. Better quality than MP3 at same file size. Includes metadata support for artwork, lyrics, and rich tags. Perfect for iTunes library, iOS devices, and Apple software. Widely compatible across platforms despite Apple association. Common format for purchased music and audiobooks.
Windows Media Audio - Microsoft's proprietary audio codec with good compression and quality. Standard Windows audio format with native OS support. Supports DRM for protected content. Various profiles (WMA Standard, WMA Pro, WMA Lossless). Comparable quality to AAC at similar bitrates. Perfect for Windows ecosystem and legacy Windows Media Player. Being superseded by AAC and other formats. Still encountered in Windows-centric environments and older audio collections.
无损格式
Apple Lossless Audio Codec - Apple's lossless compression reducing file size 40-60% with zero quality loss. Perfect preservation of original audio like FLAC but in Apple ecosystem. Standard lossless format for iTunes and iOS. Supports high-resolution audio up to 384kHz/32-bit. Smaller than uncompressed but larger than lossy formats. Perfect for iTunes library, audiophile iOS listening, and maintaining perfect quality in Apple ecosystem. Comparable to FLAC but with better Apple integration.
Monkey's Audio - 高效的无损压缩,达到比FLAC更好的压缩比(通常为原始文件的55-60%)。完美保留质量,零损失。免费格式,开放规范。压缩/解压缩速度比FLAC慢。受到音响爱好者社区的欢迎。与FLAC相比,播放器支持有限。非常适合在最大空间节省的情况下进行归档,同时保持完美质量。最适合存储空间至关重要而处理速度不重要的场景。
WavPack - hybrid lossless/lossy audio codec with unique correction file feature. Can create lossy file with separate correction file for lossless reconstruction. Excellent compression efficiency. Perfect for flexible audio archiving. Less common than FLAC. Supports high-resolution audio and DSD. Convert to FLAC for universal compatibility.
True Audio - lossless audio compression with fast encoding/decoding. Similar compression to FLAC with simpler algorithm. Open-source and free format. Perfect quality preservation. Less common than FLAC with limited player support. Perfect for audio archiving when FLAC compatibility not required. Convert to FLAC for broader compatibility.
Audio Interchange File Format - Apple's uncompressed audio format, equivalent to WAV but for Mac. Stores PCM audio with perfect quality. Standard audio format for macOS and professional Mac audio applications. Supports metadata tags better than WAV. Large file sizes like WAV (10MB per minute). Perfect for Mac-based audio production, professional recording, and scenarios requiring uncompressed audio on Apple platforms. Interchangeable with WAV for most purposes.
现代格式
Opus音频编码器 - 现代开源编码器(2012年)在6kbps到510kbps的所有比特率下提供最佳质量。对语音和音乐表现出色。现代编码器中延迟最低,非常适合VoIP和实时通信。在相同比特率下优于MP3、AAC和Vorbis。被WhatsApp、Discord和WebRTC使用。非常适合流媒体、语音通话、播客和音乐。正在成为互联网音频的通用音频编码器。
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Matroska Audio - audio-only Matroska container supporting any audio codec. Flexible format with metadata support. Can contain multiple audio tracks. Perfect for audio albums with chapters and metadata. Part of Matroska multimedia framework. Used for audiobooks and multi-track audio. Convert to FLAC or MP3 for universal compatibility.
遗留格式
MPEG-1音频层II - MP3的前身,用于广播和DVD。在高比特率下质量优于MP3。DVB(数字电视)和DVD-Video的标准音频编码器。压缩效率低于MP3。非常适合广播应用和DVD制作。作为遗留格式正在被AAC取代,仍在数字电视和视频制作工作流程中遇到。
Dolby Digital (AC-3) - surround sound audio codec for DVD, Blu-ray, and digital broadcasting. Supports up to 5.1 channels. Standard audio format for DVDs and HDTV. Good compression with multichannel support. Perfect for home theater and video production. Used in cinema and broadcast. Requires Dolby license for encoding.
Adaptive Multi-Rate - speech codec optimized for mobile voice calls. Excellent voice quality at very low bitrates (4.75-12.2 kbps). Standard for GSM and 3G phone calls. Designed specifically for speech, not music. Perfect for voice recordings, voicemail, and speech applications. Used in WhatsApp voice messages and mobile voice recording. Efficient for voice but inadequate for music.
Sun/NeXT Audio - simple audio format from Sun Microsystems and NeXT Computer. Uncompressed or μ-law/A-law compressed audio. Common on Unix systems. Simple header with audio data. Perfect for Unix audio applications and legacy system compatibility. Found in system sounds and Unix audio files. Convert to WAV or MP3 for modern use.
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RealAudio - legacy streaming audio format from RealNetworks (1990s-2000s). Pioneered internet audio streaming with low-bitrate compression. Obsolete format replaced by modern streaming technologies. Poor quality by today's standards. Convert to MP3 or AAC for modern use. Historical importance in early internet audio streaming.
专业格式
DTS Coherent Acoustics - surround sound codec competing with Dolby Digital. Higher bitrates than AC-3 with potentially better quality. Used in DVD, Blu-ray, and cinema. Supports up to 7.1 channels and object-based audio. Perfect for high-quality home theater. Premium audio format for video distribution. Convert to AC-3 or AAC for broader compatibility.
Core Audio Format - Apple's container for audio data on iOS and macOS. Supports any audio codec and unlimited file sizes. Modern replacement for AIFF on Apple platforms. Perfect for iOS app development and professional Mac audio. No size limitations (unlike WAV). Can store multiple audio streams. Convert to M4A or MP3 for broader compatibility outside Apple ecosystem.
VOC (Creative Voice File) - audio format from Creative Labs Sound Blaster cards. Popular in DOS era (1989-1995) for games and multimedia. Supports multiple compression formats and blocks. Legacy PC audio format. Common in retro gaming. Convert to WAV or MP3 for modern use. Important for DOS game audio preservation.
Speex - open-source speech codec designed for VoIP and internet audio streaming. Variable bitrate from 2-44 kbps. Optimized for speech with low latency. Better than MP3 for voice at low bitrates. Being superseded by Opus. Perfect for voice chat, VoIP, and speech podcasts. Legacy format replaced by Opus in modern applications.
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如何转换文件
上传您的文件,选择输出格式,立即下载转换后的文件。我们的转换器支持批量转换并保持高质量。
常见问题
什么是 PVF 格式,它来自哪里?
PVF (Portable Voice Format) is an obscure audio format from the early days of computer telephony and voice messaging systems, primarily used in Unix/Linux voice mail applications during the 1990s. It was designed for storing compressed voice recordings in telephone quality (8kHz, mono) for applications like voicemail servers, IVR systems, and early VoIP experiments. Think of it as the audio format for primitive phone systems running on computers.
The 'portable' in the name refers to portability across Unix systems, not across platforms generally - this was back when getting audio to work consistently across different Unix flavors was challenging. PVF provided a simple, documented format for voice storage that various telephony applications could read. It's associated with tools like vgetty (voice modem software), mgetty+sendfax, and early Asterisk PBX experiments before Asterisk standardized on other formats.
PVF 与常规音频格式(如 WAV)有何不同?
PVF 针对电话通信进行了优化,而常规音频格式则没有:
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电话专用压缩
PVF 通常使用针对电话带宽(300-3400 Hz)调优的 ADPCM(自适应差分脉冲编码调制)压缩。这是有损的,但对于语音来说是可以接受的,压缩比达到 4:1。WAV 可以存储 ADPCM,但通常存储未压缩的 PCM。PVF 的设计假设了语音数据和电话质量,从一开始就考虑了窄带、单声道,优化了语音清晰度,而不是音乐保真度。
PVF is voice-first, telephony-optimized, Unix-centric, and obsolete. WAV won because it's flexible, well-supported, and platform-independent. PVF only matters if you're stuck with legacy voice recordings.
我可以在标准音频播放器中播放 PVF 文件吗?
几乎肯定不可以,除非转换 - PVF 太冷门了:
SoX 作为主要工具
SoX (Sound eXchange) - the Swiss Army knife Unix audio tool - can handle PVF format because SoX was developed in the same telephony-on-Unix ecosystem where PVF existed. If you need to work with PVF, SoX is likely your only option. Command line use: `sox input.pvf output.wav` usually works. SoX is free, cross-platform, and designed for format conversion. It's the rescue tool for obscure formats.
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为什么转换是必要的
遗留系统创建了 PVF 文件,但这些系统早已过时。文件仍然存在,但播放生态系统并不存在。将 PVF 转换为 WAV 或 MP3 可以将语音录音提取为通用可播放格式。一旦转换,标准播放器可以正常工作。将 PVF 转换视为从专有格式的边缘拯救语音数据。
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如果您有 PVF 文件,请立即将其转换为 WAV 或 MP3,以免像 SoX 这样的工具完全停止支持 PVF。不要指望未来的软件会添加对 PVF 的支持 - 该格式的轨迹正朝着消亡的方向发展。
PVF 音频的质量如何?
电话质量,意味着 8kHz 采样率,单声道,通常使用 ADPCM 压缩。按现代标准客观上较差,但足以保证语音清晰度。8kHz 的限制意味着高于 4kHz 的频率被切断 - 没有 's' 声音的清晰度,没有高频呼吸细节。它听起来就像一次旧的固定电话通话,因为它就是为了匹配这一点而设计的。想象一下 AM 收音机的质量,或者稍微差一点。
PVF 中的 ADPCM 压缩引入了量化噪声 - 在安静的段落中可听到的细微颗粒感或静态伪影。结合低采样率,您会得到可理解的语音,但长时间收听会感到疲惫。音乐在 PVF 中听起来会很糟糕,但语音仍然足够清晰以用于语音邮件('您有一条新消息。第一条消息,今天下午 3:14 收到...')。
文件大小非常小 - 10 分钟的语音可能只有 1MB。在 1990 年代,当硬盘空间昂贵且调制解调器传输缓慢时,这种效率非常重要。现代用户在转换 PVF 文件时应预期质量较差,因为这就是源格式的设计目的。您无法通过转换来提高质量 - 带宽限制和压缩伪影是固有的。转换的目的是保留内容,而不是为了高保真享受。
我应该将 PVF 转换为 WAV 还是 MP3?
WAV 更适合档案真实性。PVF 文件已经是 8kHz ADPCM 压缩的语音 - 转换为未压缩的 WAV 可以准确保留其中的内容,而不会有额外的质量损失。WAV 文件将比 PVF 略大(未压缩的 PCM 对比 ADPCM),但我们谈论的是典型语音邮件长度录音的 1-2 MB。在 2024 年,磁盘空间不是问题。WAV 确保您拥有语音内容的真实档案。
只有在处理大量档案(数百小时)且存储确实有限的情况下,MP3 才有意义。语音压缩效果极佳 - 48kbps 或甚至 32kbps 的 MP3 对于电话质量的语音来说已经足够。您正在压缩已经低质量的音频,因此 MP3 伪影几乎不可察觉。但是,您是在低质量的 PVF 源上添加有损压缩,这在档案完整性上是哲学上值得怀疑的。
建议:对于重要录音(法律语音邮件、历史口述历史、家庭语音邮件),转换为 WAV;对于常规业务语音邮件的批量档案,转换为 MP3,质量不重要。WAV 保留真实性;MP3 优先考虑空间效率。考虑到存储成本的低廉,除非您有数 TB 的语音录音,否则倾向于使用 WAV。妥善保护内容的未来。
为什么 PVF 格式变得过时?
Better alternatives arrived and the use case disappeared. GSM codec became standard for digital mobile voice and was adopted in computer telephony. WAV with G.711 or G.729 codecs provided better quality and integration with emerging VoIP standards. Asterisk PBX (which killed proprietary Unix voice systems) supported standard formats like GSM and WAV natively, not niche formats like PVF. As telephony standardized, bespoke formats like PVF lost relevance.
The Unix voice modem ecosystem that PVF served died completely. Modems themselves became obsolete with broadband. Voice processing moved from modem cards to network interfaces (SIP trunks, VoIP). The entire hardware and software stack that PVF was designed for vanished. No new systems were created using PVF after the early 2000s - developers had no reason to support a format from defunct technology.
Industry standardization crushed niche formats. ITU standards (G.711, G.729, G.722) for voice coding, SIP for signaling, RTP for transport - these became universal in telecom. Proprietary or niche formats couldn't compete. PVF was never standardized, never widely adopted beyond hobbyist Unix telephony, and never had commercial backing. It was superseded by superior technology and forgotten. Only legacy archives keep PVF files in existence.
什么软件可以转换 PVF 文件?
SoX (Sound eXchange) is the primary tool. It's free, open-source, runs on Windows/Mac/Linux, and explicitly supports PVF format. Installation: download from sourceforge or install via package manager (apt-get install sox on Linux, brew install sox on Mac, installer for Windows). Usage is simple: `sox input.pvf output.wav` handles most conversions. SoX is command-line but straightforward for basic format conversion.
Some extremely old Unix audio tools might support PVF (vplay, vrec from vgetty package), but these are obsolete and harder to install than SoX. ffmpeg officially doesn't support PVF in standard builds. Online converters occasionally claim PVF support but rarely work reliably - the format is too obscure. Don't waste time searching for exotic tools when SoX exists specifically for this kind of conversion.
For batch conversion of many PVF files, script SoX in shell scripts or Python. Example bash: `for f in *.pvf; do sox "$f" "${f%.pvf}.wav"; done` converts all PVF in directory. Windows users can use PowerShell loops similarly. Since PVF is so niche, manual effort to find and convert all PVF files is worthwhile - you probably don't have many, and once converted, you never deal with PVF again.
PVF 文件与现代 VoIP 或电话系统兼容吗?
不 - 现代电话系统几十年前就已经发展了:
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遗留系统迁移
When businesses migrate from ancient Unix voice systems to modern VoIP, PVF voicemail archives must be converted. Migration projects extract PVF, convert to WAV or MP3, then import into new systems (maybe as email attachments, maybe into voicemail-to-email systems, maybe into unified communications platforms). PVF is discarded during migration - it's the source format, not the target.
PVF 与本世纪制造的任何东西都不兼容。如果您需要语音内容用于任何现代用途,请立即转换。该格式是一个没有未来的遗物。
PVF 文件头中存储了什么信息?
PVF 头部非常简约 - 采样率(几乎总是 8000 Hz)、压缩类型(通常是 ADPCM 变体)、通道数(在实际应用中始终为 1/单声道)和数据长度。就这些。没有时间戳,没有说话者元数据,没有转录信息。该格式旨在在语音系统中立即播放,而不是为了档案的丰富性。任何元数据(来电号码、时间戳、消息文件夹)都是由语音邮件应用程序管理的,而不是存储在 PVF 文件中。
某些 PVF 实现可能包括用于评论或来源信息的文本字段,但这并不一致且很少使用。大多数 PVF 文件是纯音频数据,头部非常简单。当您转换为 WAV 时,您不会失去任何有价值的内容 - PVF 头部不包含丰富的元数据可供保留。任何重要信息(例如 '这是 John Smith 1999 年 6 月的语音邮件')将存储在文件名、目录结构或单独的数据库文件中,而不是在 PVF 头部中。
这种头部简单性是 PVF 易于实现的原因 - 写入采样率和压缩代码,转储音频数据,完成。但这也是 PVF 对于档案无用的原因 - 文件本身没有保留上下文。在转换遗留 PVF 归档时,外部记录元数据(电子表格、JSON 辅助文件)以捕获文件名与上下文的映射。PVF 文件不会告诉您任何超出语音录音本身的信息。
我可以创建新的 PVF 文件,还是该格式是只写的遗留格式?
技术上是可能的,但完全没有意义 - 原因如下:
没有接收系统
即使您创建了 PVF 文件,也没有任何系统会使用它们。现代语音邮件系统期望 WAV、GSM 或专有格式 - 而不是 PVF。语音录音应用程序输出到标准格式。没有硬件或软件在等待 PVF 输入。您将创建孤立的文件,这些文件需要立即重新转换为可用格式。这是一个循环的无意义。
仅用于历史再现
The only legitimate reason to create PVF files would be historical computing reproduction - running an authentic 1990s Unix voice mail system in a virtual machine as a museum piece or research project. You'd need to create period-appropriate PVF files to test the system. This is extremely niche (computer history preservation, telephony archaeology). For any practical voice recording purpose, PVF creation is wrong tool choice.
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PVF 文件在遗留语音邮件系统中用于什么?
PVF was the storage format for voicemail messages in Unix-based voice messaging systems. When someone called and left a message, the voice modem (cards like ZyXEL or USR with voice capability) captured analog audio, digitized it, compressed it to PVF, and stored it in a user's voicemail directory (like /var/spool/voice/user123/). Retrieval meant decompressing PVF and playing through the modem's speaker or system sound output when user called in to check messages.
These systems ran on Linux or BSD servers, often handling small business or department phone systems. They were DIY alternatives to expensive proprietary PBX voicemail using commodity PC hardware and modems. The setup was janky but functional - mgetty+sendfax or vgetty handled modem control, custom scripts managed voicemail logic, PVF stored the actual messages. It worked but required Unix expertise and tolerated occasional glitches.
Other uses: IVR (Interactive Voice Response) prompts, on-hold messages, automated attendant greetings - all might be stored as PVF in these systems. Anything requiring stored voice was a candidate for PVF storage. When Asterisk PBX emerged in the early 2000s with better architecture and GSM/WAV support, these hacked-together Unix voice systems disappeared rapidly. PVF files are the archaeological evidence they ever existed.
PVF 格式支持立体声或高质量音频吗?
两者都不支持。PVF 严格为单声道 - 电话通信本质上是单通道(一个麦克风,一个扬声器在听筒中)。在这种情况下,立体声没有意义。即使您尝试将立体声数据强行放入 PVF 结构中,也没有任何东西会正确播放。该格式在整个设计中假设单声道语音。
高质量同样不可能。PVF 的最大限度是电话带宽 - 8kHz 采样率,ADPCM 压缩。该格式没有为 16kHz、44.1kHz 或更高的采样率提供支持。没有宽带编解码器支持。即使您存储未压缩的数据(这违背了 PVF 的目的),8kHz 仍然是实际的上限。该格式是为 1990 年代的调制解调器硬件设计的,无法处理更高的采样率。
这就是 PVF 死亡的核心原因 - 当人们想要更好的语音质量(宽带编解码器如 G.722,高清语音)时,PVF 没有支持的途径。该格式是为 PSTN 电话质量设计的,无法超越这一点。现代语音格式支持可变质量、立体声选项和比特率缩放。PVF 永远停留在“1995 年的电话”质量。这将是它的全部。
恢复 PVF 语音邮件档案时存在哪些挑战?
Finding working conversion tools is first challenge - SoX is the only reliable option, and even that requires installation and command-line comfort. Old Unix systems where PVF files reside might have corrupted filesystems, failed drives, or no backups. Extracting files from ancient SCSI drives or damaged tapes requires data recovery effort before you even reach format conversion. Physical media degradation is a huge problem with 20-30 year old storage.
元数据丢失严重。PVF 文件不存储来电者信息、日期或上下文。语音消息存在,但你可能不知道是谁打来的、何时打来的或与什么有关。原始系统将这些信息存储在单独的文件或数据库中,这些文件或数据库通常会丢失。文件名有时包含提示(基于时间戳的命名),但并不一致。恢复完整的语音邮件上下文需要重建文件系统结构并关联时间戳,这是一项法医级别的工作。
压缩变体使问题复杂化。PVF 支持不同的 ADPCM 压缩方案,并不是所有方案都有良好的文档记录。有些文件可能使用现代 SoX 无法解码的非标准压缩。来自系统崩溃的损坏文件可能无法恢复 - 像 PVF 这样的简单格式没有错误修正。为涉及 PVF 档案的恢复项目预算大量时间。成功率不会是 100%,音频质量将始终较差。适当管理期望。
PVF 语音邮件档案是否存在法律或合规问题?
可能是的,具体取决于内容和管辖权。商业语音邮件可能包含机密信息、商业秘密、根据 GDPR/隐私法的个人数据,或受通话录音法规约束的录音。如果这些信息根据保留政策在 X 年后应被删除,保留古老的 PVF 档案可能会违反这些政策。在转换和归档旧的语音邮件系统之前请咨询法律 - 休眠系统有时因法律原因保持休眠状态。
医疗保健或金融服务的语音邮件有特殊的合规要求(HIPAA、SOX、PCI-DSS)。即使是旧的语音消息也可能包含受保护的信息。转换为现代格式使内容可访问和可搜索,这可能会产生审计跟踪要求。一些组织故意将旧的语音邮件系统保持在关闭状态,以避免合规复杂性。转换 PVF 将内容重新纳入主动管理范围。
相反,一些行业必须为法律发现目的保留通信。在这些情况下,PVF 语音邮件档案绝对应该在媒体衰退使其无法恢复之前转换为稳定格式(WAV + 元数据)。记录保管链,使用法医转换方法(一次性输出,哈希验证),并存储在防篡改系统中。存储在故障的 1990 年代硬盘上的 PVF 文件并不是可辩护的法律保存 - 正确转换或面临证据损毁的风险。
我应该保留 PVF 格式还是完全转换为 WAV 进行归档?
完全转换为 WAV 并丢弃 PVF。保留 PVF 格式本身没有历史价值 - 它不像胶卷或模拟磁带那样具有独特特性。PVF 是一种数字格式,音频内容可以无损地完全提取到 WAV。保留 PVF 文件只会在未来造成问题,因为支持 PVF 的工具会消失。WAV 是一种开放标准,保证长期支持。
对于关键档案(法律、历史口述历史、家庭记录),转换为无损 WAV 并存储冗余(多个副本、不同位置、校验和验证)。在 JSON 边车文件中添加元数据,记录来源(PVF)、转换工具(SoX 版本)、日期、原始上下文(如果已知)。这保留了内容和来源。PVF 原始文件提供的内容不超过转换后的 WAV + 元数据提供的内容,并且面临位腐烂和工具过时的风险。
例外情况:计算机历史博物馆或电话研究可能会保留少量示例 PVF 文件作为格式标本以供历史文档使用。一两个文件可以展示该格式;成千上万个相同格式的文件则不能。对于个人或商业档案,毫不留情地转换为现代格式。保留 PVF 格式没有实际目的,并增加了风险。拯救语音内容,抛弃格式。这是数字考古学 - 在介质完全技术性和过时的情况下,保留文物(内容),而不是介质(格式)。